Σωκράτης, voc. 1st DECLENSION MASCULINE nouns that end in –της are an important exception, forming their vocative singular in –τᾰ (S 226). For instance, in the dialect of Kurmanji, it is created by adding the suffix -o at the end of masculine words and the -ê suffix at the end of feminine ones. Unlike other Slavic languages except Macedonian, Bulgarian has lost case marking for nouns. [2] However, as the Oxford English Dictionary points out, "O" and "oh" were originally used interchangeably. (Dongbaeya, mwo hae?) Historically, and in poetic or rhetorical speech, vocative phrases in English were prefaced by the word O, as is often seen in the King James Version of the Bible: "O ye of little faith" (in Matthew 8:26). It is most commonly applied to the word 孙子 (sūnzi, "grandson"), to form sūnzei, meaning approximately "Hey you nasty one!". The vocative ending changes the stem consonant in Old Church Slavonic because of the so-called First Palatalization. σῶμα, gen. σώματος, voc. Such expressions are used to express strong emotions (much like English "O my God! (Gospodi Iisuse!, Iisuse vocative of "Иисус" Iisus, "Jesus"). The vocative case in Scottish Gaelic follows the same basic pattern as Irish. (Gospodi, vocative of "Господь" Gospodj, "Lord"), which can also be expressed as "Господи Иисусе!" The vocative and nominative endings are always identical in which of the following forms: 2. Nouns that end in -ius end with -ī instead of the expected -ie. With the advent of "oh" as a written interjection, however, "O" is the preferred modern spelling in vocative phrases. The plural form is used with words such as "ребят", "девчат" (nom: "ребята", "девчата" guys, gals).[9]. instead of Aniu, chodź tu! Synchrony, diachrony, typology. Today, the case is no longer considered to exist except for a few archaic examples of the original vocative remaining in religious, literary or ironic contexts: In everyday use, the Czech vocative is sometimes retrofitted to certain words: Another stamp of vernacular vocative is emerging, presumably under the influence of Hungarian for certain family members or proper names: Ukrainian has retained the vocative case mostly as it was in Proto-Slavic:[12]. πόλι; nom. : Hear me, O Albion! In addition, the vocative form sometimes takes the place of the nominative in informal conversations: Józiu przyszedł instead of "Józio przyszedł" ("Joey's arrived"). In Latin, for example, the nominative case is lupus and the vocative case is lupe, but the accusative case is lupum. [3] This phenomenon can be more easily observed with adjectives that inflect for plural and definite differently, e.g. [6] In informal speech, it is common (but grammatically incorrect[7]) to use the male surname (see also Czech name) in the nominative to address men: pane Novák! The vocative is a case that strikes many a learner of Classical languages, because most modern European languages don’t have them. Some traditional texts use Jesu, the Latin vocative form of Jesus. In grammar, the vocative case (abbreviated VOC) is a grammatical case which is used for a noun that identifies a person (animal, object, etc.) It is an isosyllabic masculine noun in singural and plural which keeps always its tone at the same syllable. Vocative Case The case of direct address. In these cases, what are the three possible ways that these nouns form their singular vocative? Nouns with a nominative singular ending in -a have a vocative singular usually identically written but distinct in accentuation. For example: ἄρχοντ → ἄρχον. Some nouns of the e- and a- stems declensions (both proper ones and not) are stressed differently: "aikštė": "aikšte!" The Locative Case The case of position or location. σῶμα). [8] It is used only for given names and nouns that end in -a and -я, which are sometimes dropped in the vocative form: "Лен, где ты?" The vocative case generally does not appear in Icelandic, but a few words retain an archaic vocative declension from Latin, such as the word Jesús, which is Jesú in the vocative. Cologne and Venezia, as described above. Vocatives and other direct address forms: a contrastive study. "Vokativ osobnih imena u hrvatskom jeziku", Methodical instructions for learning vocative case in Ukrainian professional speech, "A Hundred and One Rules! Examples of the use of the vocative personal names (as in Irish): The name "Hamish" is just the English spelling of "Sheumais" (the vocative of "Seumas" and pronounced "Hamish"), and thus is actually a Gaelic vocative. When Greek speakers were being formal or polite, they would use the marker ὦ (like the English “O Brother…”) to signal the vocative case, but it is not necessary, and ὦ is often best left untranslated in English. The vocative plural is usually the same as the nominative plural except, again, for first declension nouns. Lenition changes the initial sound of the word (or name). ("I love you, Chris!") liten being lille when definite, but små when plural. Thus, a quotation of William S. Clark would be translated as follows: 소년이여, 야망을 가져라. The name "Voirrey" is actually the Manx vocative of "Moirrey" (Mary). Historically, the vocative case was an element of the Indo-European case system and existed in Latin, Sanskrit and Classical Greek. Modern English lacks a vocative case. The shortening does not shift the accent so the vocative of Vergilius is Vergilī, with accent on the second syllable even though it is short. In addition, nouns of e-stems have an ablaut of long vowel ė in nominative and short vowel e /ɛ/ in vocative. (Is Mijin going home? It is surrounded by commas in a sentence as it is part of an unordered sentence array. O [my] dear coffee pot, you are dripping! In pronunciation, ė is close-mid vowel [eː], and e is open-mid vowel /ɛ/. Neuter nouns and all plural nouns have the same form in the nominative and the vocative: The latter form of the vocative of człowiek (human) is now considered poetical. Maria, come over here! "врач", vrač). That is also the case in traditional English (without the accent) (see above): The native words sonur ("son") and vinur ("friend") also sometimes appear in the shortened forms son and vin in vocative phrases. More-recent names and foreign names may have a vocative form but it is rarely used (Ричарде, instead of simply Ричард Richard, sounds unusual to native speakers). The older forms are listed under "other forms". The story is the retreat of the vocative in Modern Greek. Some masculine and feminine nouns/adjectives – e.g., those whose stems end in –ερ, –εσ, –ι, and –υ – use just their STEM for the vocative singular. There is (he) Paul. commented Sep 5 by vasilikibaskou (Oh god, please forgive them. For example, 日记 rìjì "diary" becomes 日记啊 rìjì'a. (sonyeoniyeo, yamangeul gajyeora.) The basic pattern is similar to Irish and Scottish. sg. The vocative case causes lenition of the initial consonant of nouns.